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Subroutine is done
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314
perl/wiki
314
perl/wiki
@@ -493,3 +493,317 @@
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}
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-> while loop:
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print "==========Loop in Perl===========\n";
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$a = 10;
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# while loop execution & continue statement.
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while ( $a < 15 ){
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printf "Value of a: $a\n";
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$a = $a + 1;
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} continue {
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$a = $a + 1;
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}
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print "while-loop ended here\n";
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Output:
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==========Loops in Perl=============
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Value of a: 10
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Value of a: 12
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Value of a: 14
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while-loop ended here
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-> do - while loop:
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For ex:
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#do...while loop execution
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do{
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printf "Value of a: $a\n";
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$a = $a + 1;
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}while( $a < 10 );
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print "do while-loop ended here\n"
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Output:
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Value of a:
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Value of a: 1
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Value of a: 2
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Value of a: 3
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Value of a: 4
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Value of a: 5
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Value of a: 6
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Value of a: 7
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Value of a: 8
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Value of a: 9
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do while-loop ended here
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-> until loop:
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For ex:
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#until loop execution
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#negated while loop...
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until( $a > 17 ){
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printf "Value of a: $a\n"
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$a = $a + 1;
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}
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printf "until-loop ended here\n";
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Output:
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Value of a:
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Value of a: 1
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Value of a: 2
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Value of a: 3
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Value of a: 4
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Value of a: 5
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Value of a: 6
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Value of a: 7
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Value of a: 8
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Value of a: 9
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Value of a: 10
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Value of a: 11
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Value of a: 12
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Value of a: 13
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Value of a: 14
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Value of a: 15
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Value of a: 16
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Value of a: 17
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until-loop ended here
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-> for loop:
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# for loop execution
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for( $a = 10 ; $a < 20 ; $a = $a + 3){
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print "value of a: $a\n"
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}
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print "for-loop ended here\n"
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Output:
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value of a: 10
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value of a: 13
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value of a: 16
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value of a: 19
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for-loop ended here
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-> foreach loop:
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# foreach loop execution
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@list = (200, 300, 400, 500);
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foreach $a (@list){
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print "value of a: $a\n"
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}
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print "foreach-loop ended here\n"
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Output:
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value of a: 200
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value of a: 300
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value of a: 400
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value of a: 500
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-> next & redo ( next without label ):
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* next: It's like a goto statement in C/C++
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* redo: It's like a continue statement in C/C++
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* last: It's like a break statement in C/C++
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For ex:
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#next and redo statements in loops
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print "next statement example without label\n";
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$a = 13;
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while( $a < 18 ){
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$a = $a + 1;
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if( $a == 15 ){
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#skip the iteration
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$a = $a + 1;
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#redo;
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next;
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#last: this keyword is like break statement in C/C++
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}
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print "value of a: $a\n";
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#$a = $a + 1;
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}
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Output:
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next statement example without label
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value of a: 14
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value of a: 17
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value of a: 18
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-> next with labels:
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For ex:
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print "\nnext statement example with label\n";
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$a = 0;
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OUTER: while( $a < 4 ){
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$b = 0;
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print "value of a : $a\n";
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INNER: while ( $b < 4 ){
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if( $a == 2 ){
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$a = $a + 1;
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#jump to outer loop
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next OUTER;
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#last OUTER; #in case of last it will throw out of all nested loop
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}
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$b = $b + 1;
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print "Value of b : $b\n"
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}
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print "\n";
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$a = $a + 1;
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}
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Output:
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next statement example with label
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value of a: 0
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value of b: 1
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value of b: 2
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value of b: 3
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value of b: 4
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value of a: 1
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value of b: 1
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value of b: 2
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value of b: 3
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value of b: 4
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value of a: 2
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value of a: 3
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value of b: 1
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value of b: 2
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value of b: 3
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value of b: 4
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-> Function in perl:
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For ex:
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print "\n==========Subroutines in Perl=======\n\n";
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print "==== Passing scalars and arrays & returning result ====\n";
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sub printSum{
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print "In Average's subroutine: \$n = $n\n";
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print "In Average's subroutine: \$sum = $sum\n";
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print "In Average's subroutine: \$average = $average\n";
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}
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sub Average{
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#get total number of arguments passed.
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$n = scaler(@_);
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# If array is passed as an argument to subroutine
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# use @_ or if scalar is passed as an argument use
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# $_.
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#Scope of variables:
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#this will be available to Average's subroutines
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local $sum = 0; # Any function called from Average
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# subroutine can access $sum variable
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foreach $item (@_){
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$sum += $item;
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}
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printSum();
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##private variable
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my $average = $sum / $n;
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return $average;
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}
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#Function call
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@a = (40, 50, 60);
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$b = 70;
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$avg = Average(10, 20, 30, @a, $b);
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print "Average for the given numbers: $avg\n";
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print "\$sum = $sum\n";
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print "\$n = $n\n";
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print "\$average = $average\n";
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Output:
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====Subroutines in Perl====
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==== Passing scalars and array & returning result ===
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In Average's subroutine: $n = 7
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In Average's subroutine: $sum = 280
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In Average's subroutine: $average =
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Average for the given number : 40
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$sum =
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$n = 7
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$avearge =
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-> Passing hashes in subroutines:
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For ex:
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%cardG1CPUarch = ('csc01', 'mips', 'xcc360g', 'ppc', 'cef4c', 'ppc');
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print "===== Passing hashes to subroutines ====\n";
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#Function definition
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sub PrintHash{
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my (%hash) = @_;
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foreach my $key ( keys %hash ){
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my $value = $hash{$key};
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print "$key : $value\n";
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}
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}
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#Function call with hash parameter
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PrintHash(%cardG1CPUarch);
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Output:
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====== Passing hashes to subroutines ======
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cef4c: ppc
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xcc360g: ppc
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csc01: mips
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-> References in Perl:
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For ex:
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print "\n==== References in Perl =====\n\n";
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$var = 10;
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# Now $r has reference to $var scalar.
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$r = \$var;
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# Print value available at the location stored in $r.
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print "Type of reference is :" . ref($r) . "\n";
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print "Value of $var is: " , $$r, "\n";
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@var = (1,2,3);
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#Now $r has reference to @var array.
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$r = \@var;
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#Print values available at the location stored in $r.
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print "Type of reference is :" . ref($r) . "\n";
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print "Value of @var is :" . @$r, "\n";
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%var = ('key1' => 10, 'key2' => 20);
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# Now $r has reference to $var has.
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$r = \%var;
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# Print values available at the location stored in $r.
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print "Type of reference is :" . ref($r) . "\n";
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print "Value of %var is : " , $r, "\n";
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print "Value of %var is : " , %$r{'key1'}, "\n";
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Output:
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====== Refernce in Perl ======
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Type of reference is : SCALAR
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Value of 10 is : 10
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Type of reference is : ARRAY
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Value of 1 2 3 is : 123
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Type of reference is : HASH
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Value of %var is : key220key110
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Value of %var is : key110
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