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Normal mode commands:
-> for navigating the file opened in vim:
h: to go left.
l: to go right.
j: to go down.
k: to go up.
ctrl + f: To do page down. Similar to page down button.
ctrl + b: To do page up. Similar to page up button.
z + <enter>: To bring the focus of vision to the top
where the cursor is currently present.
z + z: To bring the focus of vision to the center
where the cursor is currently present.
w: To move the cursor by one word on the file. It include the
punctuation as a word.(move one word forward)
W: To move the cursor by one word on file. It don't include the
punctuation as a word.(move one word forward)
b: To move the cursor by one word on file. It include the
punctuation as a word.(move on word backward)
B: To move the cursor by one word on file. It don't include the
punctuation as a word.(move on word backward)
0: To move the first column of the current line the cursor
is present.
^: To move the first letter of the first word of the current
line the cursor is present.
$: To move the last letter of the last word of the current
line the cursor is present.
gg: To move the first column of the first line of the file.
G: To move to the last line of the file.
<line-number>gg or <line-number>G: To move the particular
<line-number> as mentioned.
ctrl + g: To know the current line we are on, the file name,
the percentage of we have covered according to
current cursor position.
g + (ctrl+g): To get more detailed information of whatever
the previous was showing.
-> Deleting text from file in normal mode:
x: To delete the right side byte of the current cursor position.
X: To delete the left side byte of the current cursor position.
Using d to delete words with motion operation:
<operation>{motion}
for ex:
dw (this delete the what the w command would move
the cursor by)
dw: To delete a word in front of the current cursor position.
dl: To delete next byte towards right from current cursor position on
current line.
dh: To delete next byte towards left from current cursor position on
current line.
dj: To delete whole current line and the line below.
dk: To delete whole current line and the line above.
d$: To delete from current position of cursor to the end of
the line.
d0: To delete from current position to the first letter of the
current line the cursor is present.
D: Equivalent of of what d$
dd: To delete the current line entirely no matter where the cursor
is present currently on that same line.
<number>dd: To delete the 3 lines below from current line where
the cursor is present.
Note: <number><delete-command> is telling in short hand on how many
times the delete-command given should be executed. Same as the
command shown above (<number>dd).
<number>dw: delete-word command to be executed <number> numbers of times.
For ex:
3w = Repeat word motion 3 times.
d3w = Delete the 3w motion.
2d3w = Delete the 3w motion 2 times.
Line mode:
-> for navigating using line mode:
:<line-number><enter> : To go to the particular <line-number>.
:$<enter> : To move to the last line in the file.
!(exclamation mark): This Operator can be used to force the commands
for ex:
:q! is used to force quit the vim even if the changes on files
are not saved.
-> help command (for vim documentation):
:help <enter> : It will open vim documentation.
:help [command] : It will open documentation to a specific location where
the specification for that specific command is present.
:help {subject} : It will open documentation to a specific location where
the specification for the given subject.
:h : It is a short cut for :help in line mode.
(CTRL+w) + (CTRL+w): It is used to switch b/w windows currently open in vim
for editing.
(CTRL+o): Take you to the location where the previous search is done in the
document.
(CTRL+i): Take you to the location where the next search is done in the
document.
(CTRL+]): Place the cursor on the "subject" you want to search (for ex. linewise)
and press this command.
Note: Anything between [] in help documentation means it is optional in vim.
For autocompleting a command which is to be searched in help documentation
click CTRL+D, which shows suggestation. To iterate through all the suggestion
without writing it explicity use <TAB> key. To iterate in reverse order use
<SHIFT>+<TAB>.
-> Cut, Copy and Paste:
* d and x cut text, not just delete it.
* cut = delete and save into a register.
* Register is a clipboard-like storage location.
* This register is also known as default register or unnamed register.
> for pasting the text present in the default register use p command.
> if the line is cut using dd command then using 'p' will paste it below the current line where
the cursor is present.
> if 'P' command is used then it will paste above the current line where the cursor is
present.
> if a character is cut using 'x' or 'X' command using 'p' will paste the character
just after the current postion of the cursor.
> similarly, if 'P' command is used it will paste the character just before the current
position of the cursor.
Note:
> The data cutted is linewise then it will paste below/above current line.
> The data cutted is characterwise then it will paste before or after the current line.
> Standard - Vim terminology:
Cut = Delete
Copy = yank
paste = put
> for yanking(copying) use 'y' command.
> Just like 'd' command behavior with 'p' command is same.
* Undo command:
> To undo the action of previous command, use 'u' command to
undo the action.
> To redo the same command undone by undo 'u' command use 'CTRL+r'
command.
* Type of registers:
> Named registers : "a to "z
> Number register : "0 to "9
> unnamed register : ""
> unnamed register contains the data with acquired from one of the
commmands d, x, c, y and s.
c -> , s -> substitute.
> "0 : Most recently yanked data
> "1 : The data which is deleted recently.
> "2 : The data which was deleted second last time.
> "3 : and so on till "9....
> use :reg to see the content of each register.
> use :reg <arg>
wherer arg -> register name to show the content
+ arg can be string containing all the
registers named concatenated into a
single string.
-> Transforming and Substituting:
* Inserting:
@ Command :- Shift + i or CAPS + i (Capital i)
What does it do?
It put the mode in insert mode and put the cursor in
the first character of the first word of the current
line where the cursor is present.
@ Command :- Shift + a or CAPS + a (Capital a)
What does it do?
It put the mode in insert mode and put the cursor after
the last character of the last word of the current
line where the cursor is present.
@ Command :- o
What does it do?
It puts the mode in insert mode and put the cursor below
the line where the current cursor is present.
@ Command :- Shift + o
What does it do?
It puts the mode in insert mode and put the cursor above
the line where the current cursor is present.
* Replacing (Replace Mode):
@ Command :- Shift + r or CAPS + r (Capital r)
What does it do?
It pust the mode in replace mode. In replace mode, wherever
the cursor is present, it will start to replace each character
as we type and the previous character will be over-written by the
new character.
* Changing (Changing Mode):
@ Command :- <optional-register> + c + <word-motion>
What does it do?
It delete the series of bytes, based on the word-motion given,
and put the mode in INSERT mode. <word-motion> can be any
type of word motion that we have learnt. Here, <optional-register>
can be used to put the deleted or "replaced" word into the register
which we use to store as intended.
For example:
"a + c + w
It will store the word into register "a which is replaced by using
command c + w.
@ Command :- Shift + c or CAPS + c (capital + c)
What does it do?
Replace the sequence of characters from current cursor position is present at till end
of the line.
@ Command :- cc
Replace the entire current line where the cursor is present.
@ Command :- ~
What does it do?
Switch over the case of the character where the current is present.
@ Command :- g + ~ + <motion-command>
What does it do?
Switch over the cases of the each character based on the motion command
range.
@ Command :- g + U + <motion-command>
What does it do?
Changes the entire case of each character to upper-case based on the motion command
range.
@ Command :- g + u + <motion-command>
What does it do?
Changes the entire case of each character to lower-case based on the
motion comand range.
-> Joining:
@ Command :- Shift + j or CAPS + j (Capital + j)
What does it do?
Joins the line below the current line where the cursor is present
to single line and add a space to it or add a double space if there
is a period at the end of the current line.
@ Command :- g + J + <motion-command>
What does it do?
Do the same thing as "J" command. Only difference is that it doesn't
add any space between joining lines.
-> Searching commands:
@ Command :- f + <character>
What does it do?
Searches for the next occurence of the character passed as an argument
from current cursor position on the same line.
NOTE THE WORD, SAME LINE.
@ Command :- F + <character>
What does it do?
Do the same thing as previous command, but in opposite direction.
@ Command :- ;
What does it do?
It repeat the command from the above two, whichever was executed
first. For example, if F + <character> is executed, it will repeat
the same command.
@ Command :- ,
What does it do?
It do the opposite of what ";" command does. For example, if
F + <character> is executed, it will execute f + <character>
action, repeatedly. It will do the opposite of whichever
above mentioned command was executed first.
@ Command :- t + <character>
What does it do?
It search for the <character> and place the cursor just one
position before the current cursor. Note that, using the same
command again will not move the cursor to next position w.r.t
same <character> that was mentioned earlier.
We can use ";" and "," command to repeat the mentioned command
even if the cursor is present just before the searched <character>,
it pass through the current <character> position.
Note that the searching is done from left to right.
@ Command :- T + <character>
What does it do?
It perform operation and behave in similar manner as done by t +
<character> command. But, the searching is done in reverse order.
**Note**
All these are motion-commands. That means, we can use it with Editing
commands like d (delete), c (changing), y (yanking), etc.
@ Command :- /<string>
What does it do?
It searches for the <string>.
Using "n" command will search for next <string> occurance in current
opened file.
Using "N" command does the same thing. But, in opposite direction.
**Note**
For "/" command for searching the incsearch option should be set.
If it is not, we can use following line command:
:set is
To check if the configuration is set use command:
:set is?
For highlighting the searches, check for:
Check :set hls?
Output: nohlsearch
Do: :set hls
Note that hlsearch is enabled will highlight the <string>s' until
new search is done which in turn highlight the new <string>.
To turn off the highlight, use:
:nohls.
It will turn-off the highlights not disable it permanently.
%% Trick %%
> Using "/" command to find a string or string containing the pattern specified
and pressing enter will take to the first such matching string.
> If we now use "c + w" command the cursor which is present at the first letter
of the word will delete that word and we type certain word.
> After getting out of the insert mode, pressing "n" command will move the cursor
the cursor to the next string and pressing the command "." will repeat the changes
that we did for first string i.e. repeat the process that we performed above.
@ Command: "?<string-pattern>
What does it do?
It search for the string matching the pattern in reverse direction of the current
cursor postion.
Here, "n" search for next pattern match in reverse direction. "N" does the reverse
of what "n" command does.
@ Command: "*"
What does it do?
It search for the next occurances of the exact string(not string-pattern) which is near or where
the current cursor is positioned.
@ Commmand: "#"
What does it do?
It seah for the next occurances of the exact string(not string-pattern) which is near or where
the current cursor is positioned.
%% TIPS %%
We can use editing commands like deleting(d), yanking(y), etc. with these searching command.
For ex:
Pressing "d" command and then using "/<string-pattern>" will leads to deleting of characters
from the current cursor position to the next occurance of the <string-pattern>.
Pressing "<register-name> with "y" command and then using "/<string-pattern>" will leads to
yanking(copying) from the current cursor position to the next occurance of the <string-pattern>.
@ Command : [range]s/<old>/<new>/[flag] (Its a line command)
^ ^
| |
optional optional
What does it do?
It replace the occurance of old string to new string over the range
in the file.
[flag]
* g : It represent to replace all the occurance of <old> to <new> in
current line where the cursor is present.
[range]
Define the range of this command. Could be single line, multiple line
and even all the lines in the file, etc.
* <line-number> : On which line number this command to be executed.
To execute the command on same line as cursor,
don't mention <line-number>.
* <start-line-number>,<end-line-number> : From the starting line number
to the ending line number to
to execute the command.
For ex:
:1s/<old>/<new>/g
It will replace <old> with <new> in the entire line of line number 1.
:1,5s/<old>/<new>/g
It will do the same form line number 1 to 5.
:/<Pattern-1>/,/<Pattern-2>/s/<old>/<new>/g
It will do the same from line which has pattern matching with
with <Pattern-1> and ending with line which has pattern
matching with pattern <Pattern-2>.
------------------------------------
$ = last line; . = current line
:.,$s/<old>/<new>/g
% = All the line (entire file)
:%s/<old>/<new>/g
-----------------------------------
For including character such as "/" for <old> and <new>
we can use "\" which is a escape character.
For ex:
:s/\/<old>\//\/<new>\//
OR
we can use other non-alphanumeric character as a separator.
For ex:
:s#/<old>/#/<new>/
%% TIPS %%
To set options in VIM, we can use :set <option> command.
* To set a option to show the line number of the current opened file in the vim
we use:
:set nu
* To undo this:
:set nonu
* To toggle the current configuration.
:set nu!
-> Text Objects and Macros:
**** Text Objects ****
@ Command: {operator}{a}{object}
What does it do?
It perform operation on a word, from the starting character of the word, eventhough the
cursor maybe present in the middle of the same word.
It will also perform perform operation on the space after that word until a new or a character is
encountered.
For ex:
daw = Delete A Word
@ Command: {operator}{i}{object}
What does it do?
It perform operation on a word, from the starting charcter of the word, eventhough the cursor
maybe present in the middle of the same word.
However, unlike {a} operator, it will not perform operation on the space after the word to
be deleted.
For ex:
ciw = Change Inner Word.
@ Command: {operator}{as}
For ex:
das = Delete a Sentence
What does it do?
It will delete a sentence until the period, including the space after the period
until the next character is encountered.
@ Command: {operator}{is}
For ex:
dis: Delete inner Sentence
What does it do?
It wil delete a sentence until the period, but the space after the period.
Note:
Vim consider line-break as part of the sentence.
%% TIPS %%
To repeate these command we can use "." command.
@ Command: {operator}{ap}
For ex:
dap = Delete a paragraph
What does it do?
It will delete a paragraph until the boundary of the paragraph object,
including the blank line.
@ Command: {operator}{ip}
For ex:
dip = Delete a paragraph
What does it do?
It will delete a paragraph until the boundary of the paragraph object,
i.e. the blank line. However, it does not include the blank line.
@ Command: {operator}{a<symbol>} and {operator}{i<symbol>}
<symbol>
{ } or B, ( ) or b, < >, ' ', " ", [ ],` `
For ex:
di{ or di}
What does it do?
It will delete anything between { }. With "a" operator
will also delete the { }.
dab or da( or da)
What does it do?
It will delete anything between ( ) including the brackets.
%% TIPS %%
This command is benificial for programming languages.
at and it
t here means tags.
It will helpful for programming languages with opening
and closing tags like html and xml.
Even custom made tags are applicable in this case.
**** Macros ****
Macros are recorded to a register of vim. (named register)
%% To recored a macro %%
Use command: q<register-name>
It will start the recording.
Recording ends by using only the command "q".
%% To use the recorded macro %%
Use Command: @<register-name>
%% To use last recorded macro %%
Use command: @@
Macro Best Practices
--------------------
* Normalize the cursor position
-> 0
* Perform edits and operations.
* Position you cursor to enable easy replays.
-> j
%% TIPS %%
After recording macros to certain register, we can again append to
more macros to the register by using q+<Capital-register>.
For ex:
q+A instead of q+a.
This is true for appending anything to the register.
Applying Macros of particular register on the range of line:
------------------------------------------------------------
Use command:
:<start-line-number>,<end-line-number>normal @<register-name>
From all the line the file.
Use command:
:.,$normal @<register-name>
Saving Macros
---------------
* viminfo file
+ .viminfo ( for unix like system like LINUX or MAC )
+ _viminfo ( for windows like system )
* Stores history and non-empty registers.
* Read when vim starts.
* Can easily overwrite registers.
* vimrc files
+ .vimrc
+ _vimrc
We can define macros in register inside vimrc file.
let @<register-name> = '<Marcro>'
%% TIPS %%
To know the character of certain key-stroke, like Esc character.
We can know this by being in insert mode then type CTRL+v and the
Key for which we want to know the character.
-> Visual mode:
Use v to start characterwise visual mode.
Use V to start linewise visual mode.
Use Ctrl-v to start blockwise visual mode.
You can use motions to expand the visual area.
You can also use text objects to expand the visual area.
Just some of commands you can use in visual mode include:
~ - Switch case
c - Change
d - Delete
y - Yank
r - Replace
x - Delete
I - Insert
A - Append
J - Join
u - Make lowercase
U - Make uppercase
> - Shift right
< - Shift left
o - To move to the end of the highlighted part in the visual mode.
O - To move the opposite corner of the highlighted block diagonally.
gv - Will highlight everything which it got highlighted last time
and it will position the cursor in the last location where
it was present in visual mode and the mode will also the
same visual mode which was used last time.
%% TIPS %%
To add same character or set of character to multiple lines, use VISUAL-BLOCK
mode.
Go to VISUAL-BLOCK mode select the block, then use INSERT or APPEND, then
add the desired character or set of character and Esc. All the character will
appear on desired places.
Note: 'i' and 'a' command don't work in VISUAL mode.
To shift a line without using visual mode, we can use ">>" or "<<" command.
%% TIPS %%
To the Shift width and tabs space it applies, we can use:
Command:
:set shiftwidth?
:set tabstop?
To identify tab, use ":set list" and the symbol with ^I character represent
tab.
---------------------------
If shiftwidth = 8 and tabstop = 8 and expandtab is set to noexpandtab,
then shift operation is equivalent to tab.
expandtab expands with appropiate number of spaces instead of actual
tab character.
--------------------
In visual mode, if we select certain part and use line command to
execute line commmand like ":s/<old>/<new>/" substitution command
we can get the range of the highlighted text automatically in form
":'<,'>" and we can use it with any line command.
For ex:
":'<,'>center"
This will move highlighted text to the center.
":'<,'>center 40"
Here, 40 is the space count to move it to the center.
center -> center aligned. (ce)
left -> left aligned. (le)
right -> right aligned. (ri)
We can use short-hand version as well.